Racism in the White Dog Film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racism in the White Dog Film - Assignment Example As demonstrated in the movie, â€Å"White Dog,† racism is seen to be a deep-seated issue in the society in which every race harbors some resentment against other races. The film was highly criticized across the United States for its racist views. The White Dog is a movie that demonstrates racial conflicts and disparities. At the beginning of the movie, actress Julie Sawyer finds a stray white dog that she takes gives treatment and goes looking for the owner. She is unsuccessful in tracing the owner hence she ends up having the dog with her. A rapist attacks Julie one night but the dog protected her. This makes Julie decide to adopt the dog despite the fact that her boyfriend was opposed to it. In advancing the racial theme, the dog happens to have been trained against the black people. In the process, it ends up killing a black truck driver as well as Julie’s colleague (Pearl 11). This demonstrates racial discrimination; the reasons for targeting only the blacks in a negative way reveal the black race in a bad light. Apparently, the dog was trained in order to attack black people that it came across. However, despite the dog being seen to be a racist or having been trained to be a racist, it goes further to save Julie from the hands of a rapist irrespective of their tribal affiliation. There is a variation in the perception of characters towards racial prejudice. Julie was one of the characters that outstood in developing an intervention towards the situation of the white dog. She realized that the dog had some training that did not go well with her expectations. This made her embark on looking for a dog trainer. The first one she meets is called Carruthers, who also harbors anti-racism thoughts hence he recommends that the dog should be killed.

Effects of Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effects of Alcohol - Essay Example Besides, majority of the teenagers are not found to be a part of responsibilities. Mostly they are college or high-school students seeking to experience activities like smoking, drinking etc. For teenagers drinking starts with the concept of "exploring", all they want is just to discover and explore the taste like they have tasted never before. After they have explored the new "taste", they drink for fun, in friends' gatherings, get together or simply they are convinced to drink by the word of mouth. This "fun" activity takes them to the journey, which is all ended up at the threshold labeled "heavy drinkers". The reductions in alcohol use by adults in their late twenties largely reflect the impacts of new responsibilities associated with engagement, marriage, pregnancy, and parenthood due to which psychologically 'drinking' becomes secondary for them. "Research suggests that parental behavior plays a central role in adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Parental drinking affects adolescent perception of alcohol misuse in several ways. The children of drinking parents are less likely to see drinking as harmful and more likely to start drinking earlier. Both these attitudes and behaviors, in turn, predict greater alcohol misuse particularly at age 17-18. Parental drinking may also be mediated by friends' alcohol use in predicting alcohol misuse in adolescence". (Abbott et al, 1997, p. 280) One of the main causes for teenage drinking is the fact that they impinge heavily on decisions regarding living arrangements, but there are other important living contexts that may bear important relationships to substance use. Living with one's parents, in a dormitory, with roommates, or living alone offer varying levels of constraint or opportunity with regard to substance use. "Newcomb and Bentler (1985) found significant co variation between substance use and living arrangements, although their work emphasized the selection interpretation of these results. Those living with their parents as young adults reported the lowest levels of alcohol use of any group in adolescence. Those living with roommates, alone, or in "other" arrangements did not evidence distinct patterns of substance use". (Bachman, 1997, p. 24) As far as adults are concerned, many are independent and smart enough to take their own decisions wisely. Their stability refers to the living arrangements in which they ar e not dependant on anyone. If, however they are unstable financially, they drink and in rare cases become heavy drinkers but that does not affect their health as badly as teenage drinking affects. "Employment", one of the main reasons of drug use refers to those complex situations, which results in varying results depending on what aspect of employment is under consideration. The costs and benefits of employment in adolescence have been the subject of some

Against Smoking Essay Example for Free

Against Smoking Essay â€Å"Life is too short† and â€Å" you only live once† are phrases you always hear from your parents, grandparents and other people whenever they come up with those boring ‘in my day’ stories, aren’t they? So why waste the one life you get, and shorten the already too short with the expensive, pointless and revolting habit of smoking? Smoking is the habit that I consider to be pointless, a waste of money and dangerous to your health and social life. Smoking really is the one thing I loathe and with it causing a staggering 110,000 unnecessary premature deaths a year I strongly believe it should be banished to room 101 eternally. It’s not that bigger deal is what you might be thinking now but wait until you hear the stomach churning, blood-curdling and spine chilling effects smoking has on you and everyone around you, they are what some call ‘Hair-raisers’. ?1. billion is what our nation’s worst habit is costing the NHS every year, with 50 diseases and illnesses linked to smoking, 20 of which can be fatal in percentage of cases. When you and your family have to pay the extortionate amount of tax, this is surely not what you wanted a percentage of it to be going towards. You’re hard earned pay going towards people feeding their deathly addiction with what is an expensive death wish in the form of a stick of cancer and fatal diseases. ?1,700 is what an average smoker spends on cigarettes each year. Every cigarette lasts just two minutes and takes 11 minute off of your life, whilst imagine having ? 1,700 to go on a shopping spree with. It could last you years of fashionable outfits whilst smoking could cost you years of agonizing symptoms from the illnesses you could end up being faced with, besides surely the ‘smoking kills’ and ‘smoking is harmful to health’ messages on the back of many cigarette and tobacco packets reminds smokers of the consequences of smoking and it would surely put people off smoking, but no they just carry on. Too add to this the addictive drug in a cigarette is also used as an insecticide, so if it is used to kill insects then just visualize what it might do to your lungs, not nice is it? Smoking doesn’t just affect you it affects the people around you as well. 17,000 children under the age of five are admitted to hospital with illnesses such as pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis and infections such as ear, throat and chest infections. Innocent children having to pay the price for inconsiderate people who selfishly smoke around them. It really is not fair. Additionally children who grow up in families of smokers have 50% more chance of being tobacco users when they are older than children brought up in a smoke free environment. Many times my friends and I have had to choose between suffocating in cigarette smoke and holding our breathes for, well too long whilst our eyes water from the smoke, smudging all our make-up just before meeting up with some friends in town as we have to walk by a ginormous group of selfish youths smoking because they think it makes them look cool. It doesn’t for the record and it also smells really, really bad. Who would want to be friends with someone whose hair, clothes and house smells like stale tobacco smoke? Not me, that’s for sure. Why on earth do people think their cool if they smoke IN joke shops they even sell fake cigarettes that look lit, just so people can pretend they’re smoking. But really it does not look cool and 40% of 16 year olds feel pressured into smoking by their friends and peers. Why should young people have to worry about being asked to have a smoke next time they go out with their friends when really they should be concentrating on school and GCSE’s? Similarly 60% of all smokers started smoking under the age of 17. These and too many other reasons to say, make me believe that smoking should be banished to the very depths of room 101 for the rest of eternity and I’m pretty sure I’m not the only one who thinks this.

The Beautiful Mountain In Indonesia History Essay

The Beautiful Mountain In Indonesia History Essay Mount is a form of land protruding above the surrounding area. A mountain is usually higher and steeper than a hill, but they are having similarity and usage often depends on local custom. Some authorities define a mountain with a peak of more than a certain amount; for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica requires elevation 2000 feet (610 m) to be defined as a mountain. Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on usage among the local people. Other definitions of mountain include: * Height over base of at least 2,500 * Height over base of 1500-2500m with a slope greater than 2 degrees * Height over base of 1000-1500m with a slope greater than 5 degrees * Local (radius 7 km) elevation greater than 300m, or 300-1000m if local (radius 7 km) elevation is greater than 300m. By this definition, mountains cover 64% of Asia, 25% of Europe, 22% of South America, 17% of Australia, and 3% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earths land mass is mountainous and 10% of people live in mountainous regions. Most of the worlds rivers are fed from mountain sources, and more than half of humanity depends on mountains for water. High mountains, as well as those located close to the Earths poles, reach into the colder layers of the atmosphere. They are consequently subject to glaciations, and erosion through frost action. Such processes produce the peak shape. Some of these mountains have glacial lakes, created by melting glaciers; for example, there are an estimated 3,000 glacial lakes in Bhutan. Mountains can be eroded and weathered, altering their characteristics over time. Tall mountains have different climatic conditions at the top than at the base, and will thus have different life zones at different altitudes. The flora and fauna found in these zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable to those organisms. These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands and/or microclimates. Mountains are colder than lower ground, because the Sun heats Earth from the ground up. The Suns radiation travels through the atmosphere to the ground, where Earth absorbs the heat. Air closest to the Earths surface is, in general, warmest. Air temperature normally drops 1 to 2 degrees Celsius for each 300 meters (1000 feet) of altitude. Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands; the weather is often harsher, and there is little level ground suitable for agriculture. At very high altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air and less protection against solar radiation (UV). Acute mountain sickness (caused by hypoxia a lack of oxygen in the blood) affects over half of lowlanders who spend more than a few hours above 3,500 meters (11,483 ft). Mountains and mountain ranges throughout the world have been left in their natural state, and are today primarily used for recreation, while others are used for logging, mining, grazing, or see little use. Some mountains offer spectacular views from their summits, while others are densely wooded. Summit accessibility is affected by height, steepness, latitude, terrain, weather. Roads, lifts, or tramways affect accessibility. Hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, downhill skiing, and snowboarding are recreational activities enjoyed on mountains. Mountains that support heavy recreational use (especially downhill skiing) are often the locations of mountain resorts. Mountains can be characterized in several ways. Some mountains are volcanoes and can be characterized by the type of lava. Other mountains are shaped by glacial processes and can be characterized by their glaciated features. Still others are typified by the faulting and folding of the Earths crust, or by the collision of continental plates via plate tectonics (the Himalayas, for instance). Finally, the type of rock that makes up their composition can characterize mountains. The movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic movement or epeirogenic movement, usually produces a mountain. The compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. The absolute heights of features termed mountains and hills vary greatly according to an areas terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity. Two types of mountain are formed depending on how the rock reacts to the tectonic forces block mountains or fold mountains. Compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced upward. In order to balance the weight of the earth surface, much of the compressed rock is forced downward, producing deep mountain roots [see the Book of Earth, Press and Siever page.413]. Mountains therefore form downward as well as upward (see isostasy). However, in some continental collisions part of one continent may simply override part of the others, crumpling in the process. Volcanoes, including many apparently small islands that reach a great height above the ocean floor, produced some isolated mountains. Block Mountains are created when large areas are widely broken up by faults creating large vertical displacements. This occurrence is fairly common. The uplifted blocks are Block Mountains or horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned. The mid-ocean ridges are often referred to as undersea mountain ranges due to their bathymetric prominence. Rock that does not fault may fold, either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The up folds are anticlines and the down folds are synclines: in asymmetric folding their may also be recumbent and overturned folds. The Jura Mountains are an example of folding. Over time, erosion can bring about an inversion of relief: the soft up thrust rock is worn away so the anticlines are actually lower than the tougher, more compressed rock of the synclines. As in the world have many beautiful mountains. So, according to the previous research there are some beautiful mountains with their special character, which located in Indonesia and usually interesting to visit. For the first mountain, that it will be explained is mount Jayawijaya, The highest mountain in Indonesia. Jayawijaya also a mountain covered with snow. Because of that, Mount Jayawijaya make Indonesia to be proud have that mountain. Puncak Jayawijaya or a shorter called Puncak Jaya has reached the height of approximately 4884 meters above sea level. Stretched lengthwise in the middle of the province of West Papua and Papua (Indonesia) to Papua New Guinea Newguinea on with coordinate S 04 °04.733 and E 137 °09.572. Puncak Jaya also called Carstensz Pyramide comes from name a Dutch adventurer named Carstenz January, he was the first seeing snow in the mountain area. Jan Carstensz makes observations through an ocean liner in 1623. Because cannot be determined by direct observation, the report was considered ridiculous. Because for Europeans, found the snowy mountains in the tropics is something that almost impossible. The truth of the Carstensz report revealed after almost three hundred years later, when in 1899 dutch expedition made a Papua Island map and found the snow covered a mountain like Carstensz report said. To honor Carstensz, so the peak of that mountain named as the name implies. Recorded the first climbers ever to conquer the Puncak Jaya is the expedition team led by Heinrich Harrer in 1962. Heinrich Harrer is an excellent climber and seasoned authors. His famous book, Seven Years in Tibet, is the true story of wanderings and friendship in the Himalayas, Tibet. Before Harrer, actually have a lot of other climbers who try to climb, but no one has ever succeeded. After Heinrich Harrer, following the expedition of Indonesia made it to the top. The expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel Hamid Azwar Topography of the Directorate of the Army is successfully achieving Puncak Jaya in 1964. Jayawijaya Mountain is known as one of the seven highest peaks in the world (seven summit). Therefore, mount Jayawijaya is the ideals of true climbers, let alone climbing into the Puncak Jaya is the subjugation of the snow-covered mountain. Presented obstacles in the climb, such as a steep natural condition, very cold temperatures, strong winds and rain, and the lack of oxygen at altitude areas is a challenge to be conquered by the climbers. Puncak Jaya is one of the snowy mountain peaks in crossing the equator, except in the mountains in Africa and Latin America. When viewed from the air, Puncak Jaya looks like a black carpet covered by a white hood. If the sun was bright, the snow will reflect blinding sunlight. Content of ice in the mountains is expected to reach 5 percent of world reserves of ice outside the continent of Antarctica. However, due to global warming, that amount from year to year increasingly shrinking. If viewed from the type of glacier into the types of Alpine Glaciation, the flow of glaciers that flow from a high to a lower area. Therefore, in this area have made possible the flow of the glacier. Not only enjoy the natural charm of snow in the tropics, in the mountains tourists can also witness direct geological evidence about the history of the formation of Jayawijaya Mountains. Geological studies found empirical evidence that this mountain was originally a deep sea floor. A geologist named Francis Benedict in Margotomo http://www.e-samarinda.com Widodo said that the formation of the island of Papua with a peak in the IDR occurred about 60 million years ago. The island is formed from sedimentary rocks, which rose due to plate collision Indo-Pacific and Indo-Australian on the seabed, resulting in raised seabed became a large island. The evidence can be seen from the fossil marine animals left in the rocks Jayawijaya Mountains. Therefore, besides being a paradise for hikers, this region is also a paradise for geological research. If exploring the mountains of Mining, of course the main thing is to prepare the physical readiness, supplies, and logistics. Exercise regularly in an area with a fairly cold temperature is one of the most effective conditioning to avoid the threat of hypothermia (hypothermia), which is due to heat loss in the temperate regions, very cold. In addition, the licensing aspect should also be prepared long before the ascent fingers. Because, apart from the heavy terrain, Papua region often hit by riots, tribal warfare, natural disasters and other disorders. The difficulty of licensing to climb the roof of Indonesia This often led to expressions of satire: more difficult than taking care of his permission to climb the mountain. Given the weight of climbing terrain, complex licensing process, as well as security guarantees during the ascent, the climbers should use the services of an experienced travel agent. Various travel agents who have international reputations have provided two route options, the classic route through the Village Ilaga, or line kedia more comfortable with a helicopter ride to the Basecamp Hill Lake (Lake Valley). Travel agent will usually handle the issue of licensing, transportation from Jakarta to Papua, renting a helicopter to the base camp, climbing guide, insurance, and training and conditioning team before the climb. Of course, the cost per person for a climbing team using travel agent services requires considerable cost, which is about 10,000 USD per person (or about one hundred million rupiah). The next, it will be mount Tangkuban Perahu. As known mount Tangkuban Perahu has a unique legend. Tangkuban perahu or Tangkuban parahu according to the Sundanese dialect is a volcano, type stratovulcano. Tangkuban perahu is 25 km from Lembang, Bandung with the coordinate 6 °46à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²S 107 °36à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²E »Ã‚ ¿ /  »Ã‚ ¿6.77 °S 107.60 °E »Ã‚ ¿ / -6.77; 107.60. Its location is in between Sagalaherang village, Sagalaherang district, Subang regency and Cikole village, Lembang district, Bandung regency. Tangkuban perahu has height about 2084 meter (837 feet), with the last eruption in 1983. Mount Tangkuban Perahu is the easiest hike route. This stratovolcano offers many places to see and explore. Whether we look into the huge crater or hike down into it, stroll through the forest on its slopes, or simply enjoy the splendid panoramic scenery. Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is an interesting destination that everyone in the Bandung area is fond of visiting. Based on experience, is better to visit Mt. Tangkuban Perahu in the morning. Its still quite, cold weather, even still in the base ground before you going up to the mountain. Many people said that if going into hike down, could find a huge crater, which many sulfur inside. The huge crater is also the main tourism spot. Its look likes a little lake with hot surface that feel like in the spa. Its rather hot in that huge crater. Visitor can relax awhile boil egg. But, visitor must aware with the hot gas from explosion holes. Each mountain has urban legend for their name, or how it does created so does mount Tangkuban perahu. Mt. Tangkuban perahu named and created referring to the local legend. Is told that king Sungging Perbangkara go hunting. In the middle of forest, king threw urine, which deposited in caring leaves. A female pig named Wayungyang the middle of an ascetic to become a man had to drink urine. Wayungyang pregnant and gave birth to a beautiful baby. The king brings that baby to the castle and king gave her name Dayang Sumbi or Rarasati. A lot of kings want to marry her, but no one Dayang sumbi accept to be her husband. Thats making the kings warring among themselves. Dayang Sumbi ask permitted from her father to leaving and go to the hill accompany with a male dog named Tumang. When she was busy weaving, piston, which used to weave the cloth, fell to the bottom. Dayang Sumbi felling lazy, uttered the word without the second thought before, she promised to get anyone who found that piston-sex male, would be her husband. Tumang found that piston and give to Dayang Sumbi. Then, Tumang become her husband. Dayang Sumbi was shocking when knew Tumang is the incarnation of gods. Another gods was cursed Tumang because disobedience. In short time, Dayang Sumbi pregnant and eventually gave birth to a handsome baby named Sangkuriang. Sangkuriang never know that Tumang is the incarnation of gods and also his father. Sangkuriang is very fond of hunting. He was hunting accompanied with Tumang. When Sangkuriang hunting in the forest instructed to pursue the Tumang Wayungyang sow. Tumang not want to follow his orders, then Sangkuriang killed Tumang. Sangkuriang give heart of the Tumang to Dayang Sumbi, then cooked and eaten. Dayang Sumbi never know that she already ate her husbands heart until she wonder where the dog going. At last, Sangkuriang confess that he killed Tumang and that heart was Tumangs heart. Dayang Sumbi anger was rising to the fore head beaten with hit Sangkuriangs head with the rice spoon made from coconut shell, so his head have a scar. Dayang Sumbi cast away Sangkuriang for killed her husband. In her sadness she granted the power of eternal youth by the gods. Sangkuriang go wandering around the world. After a long walk to the east finally arrived in the west again and unknowingly has arrived back in place Dayang Sumbi, where his mother was. Sangkuriang not know that the beautiful princess who was found Dayang Sumbi his mother. Sangkuriang fell in love with Dayang Sumbi and planned to marry her, only for Dayang Sumbi to recognize his scar just as he was about to go hunting. In order to prevent the marriage from taking place, Dayang Sumbi asked Sangkuriang to build a dam on the river Citarum and build a large boat to cross the river, both before the sunrise. Sangkuriang meditated and summoned mythical ogre-like creatures -buta hejo or green giant(s)- to do his bidding. Dayang Sumbi saw that the tasks were almost completed and called on her workers to spread red silk cloths east of the city, to give the impression of impending sunrise. Sangkuriang was fooled, and upon believing that he had failed, kicked the dam and the unfinished boat, res ulting in severe flooding and the creation of Tangkuban perahu from the hull of the boat. Sangkuriang pursued Dayang Sumbi a sudden disappeared in Gunung Putri and turned into a Jaksi flower. Sangkuriang after arriving at a place called the Edge Berung finally disappeared into the spirit world (ngahiyang). The next mountain it will be mount Krakatau, as known Krakatau have an amazing eruption. Krakatau is a volcano that still active and located in Sunda strait of Indonesia, between Java Island and Sumatra. Its type is volcanic caldera. Krakatau rises 813 meters (2,667 feet) above sea level. This name has been pinned on the summit of the volcano there is, because the eruption on August 26th-27th 1883, then vanished. The explosion very powerful and the resulting tsunami killed around 36,000 people. Until December 26th 2004, this tsunami is the most powerful in Indian Ocean region. The explosion heard even in Alice Springs, Australia and Rodriguez Island 4.653 kilometers near Africa. The yield is estimated at 30,000 times the atomic bomb that detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. Krakatau eruption caused global climate change. World had dark during two and a half day due to volcanic ash that surround the atmosphere. The sun was dreary enough until next year. Ash scatter looks in Norwegian sky to New York. Krakatau Explosion actually still loses compare with Toba Mount and Tambora Mount explosion. Whereas in New Zealand Tanpo Mount and Katmal Mount in Alaska. However that mountain explode long time when human population still very little. Meanwhile Krakatau eruption, human population already dense enough, science and technology are evolved. Telegraph was found and submarine cable has been installed. Thus we can say that moment of information technology is growing and growing rapidly. Noted that the eruption of Krakatau was the first major disaster in the world after the discovery of submarine telegraph. Progress is, unfortunately, has not been matched by progress in the field of geology. The geologist was not even able to give an explanation of these eruptions. Look around mount Krakatau region in Sunda strait, experts estimated that in ancient time there is a huge mount in Sunda strait which finally extreme explode and gave rest a caldera (huge crater) called Ancient Mount Krakatau which is the main of eruption mount Krakatau in 1883. This mount is composed of andesitic rocks. Note on the Ancient Krakatoa eruption taken from an ancient Javanese text, entitled Library Parwa King estimated dating from 416 AD. It contained among other states: There was thunder booming voice came from Mount Batuwara. There is also a frightening shock earth, darkness, thunder and lightning. Then came the storm of wind and rain and all the terrible storms darkened the entire world. A great flood came from Batuwara Mountain and flows east to Mount Kamula. When water drowning, the island of Java, separated into two, creating the island of Sumatra Geologists Berend George Escher and the other some argue that natural event as told in that text which called Mount Batuwara. Based on that Library King Parwa book, Krakatau height reach 2,000 meters above sea level, and circumstance the sea reach 11 kilometers. Due to the great explosion, three-quarters of the body destroyed leave the rest caldera (a large crater) in Sunda strait. The sides or edge crater, known as Rakata Island, Panjang Island and Sertung Island. This explosion was point out the responsibility for the occurrence of the dark ages on earth. Bubonic disease occurred due to cold temperature. This disease is significantly decrease human population on the earth. The eruption was also considered contributing to the end of the heyday of ancient Persia, transmutation Roma kingdom to Byzantium, the end of the civilization of South Arabia, the extinction of a large Mayan City, Tikal and collapse of the Nazca civilization in South America which enigmatic. The Ancient Krakatau eruption estimated during 10 days with an estimated mass of vomit speeds reach 1 million tons per second. The explosion has formed a shield 20-150 meters thick atmosphere, lower temperature of 10-20 degrees for 5-10 years. Rakata Island, which is one of rest the Ancient Krakatau Mount, and grow in accordance with encouragement from the volcanic bowels of the earth known as Mount Krakatau, made in basaltic rock. Then, two volcanoes in the middle crater, named Danan Mount and Perbuwatan later merged with Rakata Mount that shown first. This blend mount was called Krakatau Mount. Mount Krakatau had erupted in 1680 produced andesitic lava acid. Moreover in 1880, Mount Perbuwatan active produced lava without explosion. After that time, there is no more volcanic activity in Krakatau until May 20th 1883. In that day, after 200 years of sleep, a little explosion happens in Krakatau. Thats the first sign of eruption will occur in the Sunda Strait. This small explosion followed by small explosions that occurred on 26-27 summits in August 1883. Monday August 27th 1883, exactly 10.20 oclock, that mount was explode. Simon Winchester, a geologist who graduated from Oxford University in England and also the author of National Geographic said that Krakatau Explosion was the biggest, loudest voices and volcanic events of the most devastating in modern human history. Voices of the explosion heard until 4.600 km from the center of the explosion and even 1/8 earth citizen could hear at that time. According to the researchers in University of North Dakota, Krakatau explosion together with Tambora eruption (1815) noted the biggest score of Volcanic Explosives Index (VEI) in modern history. The Guiness Book of Record noted that Krakatau explosion became the most powerful explosion that recorded in history. Krakatau explosion had thrown stones pumice and volcanic ash with a volume of 18 cubic miles. A burst of the volcanic dusts reaches 80 km. Hard objects which flew into the air that fell on the plains of Java and Sumatra, even to Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand. Eruption destroyed Danan Mountain, Mount Perbuwatan and partially Mount Rakata, where a half cone is missing, creates a basin-wide depth of 7 km and 250 meters. Ocean waves rise as high as 40 meters to destroy the villages and anything around coastal area. The tsunami was caused not only because of the eruption but also underwater avalanches. Noted that the number of the dead reached 36.417 people from 295 villages around coastal from Merak (Serang) until Cimalaya in Karawang, west coast of Banten to display on the Island of Cape Panaitan (Ujung Kulon) also Southern part of Sumatra. In Ujung Kulon, the flood went until 15 km to the west. The next day until a few days later, residents Jakarta and Lampung hinterland no longer see the sun. Tsunami waves generated even creeping up to the Hawaiian coast, west coast of Central America and the Arabian Peninsula that 7 thousand miles away. Begin in 1927 or at least 40 years after Mount Krakatau eruption, shown volcanic which as known Krakatau son from ancient caldera area that still active and grow up. Speed of the growth rate about 20 inches per month. Every year it becomes higher 20 feet high and 40 feet wide. Other records mention the high increase about 4 cm per year and if in calculate, so in 25 years later high increase Rakata son reached 7.500 inches or 500 feet higher than 25 years before. The growth rate itself due to material that comes out from of the new belly of the mountain. It this time Son of Krakatau rises about 230 meters above sea level, meanwhile the previous Mount Krakatau rises about 813 meters above sea level. According to Simon Winchester, despite what happened in the first Krakatau live very frightening realities of geology, seismic and tectonic in Java and Sumatra, which will ensure that the strange what happens once in a while will happen again. No one knows exactly when the Son of Krakatau to erupt. Some geologists predict eruptions in will occur between 2015-2083. But the influence of the earthquake in the Indian Ocean base at December 26, 2004 also cannot be ignored. According to Professor Ueda Nakayama one expert Japanese volcano, son of Krakatau is still relatively safe although there are active and frequent small eruptions, there are only certain times of the tourists are prohibited from approaching the area because of the dangers of spit lava of this volcano. Other experts said there is no plausible theory of the Son of Krakatau erupted that will come back. If there is at least 3 century or after 2325 AD. But clearly, the number of victims caused more awesome than the previous eruption. After explanation about mount Krakatau, go to the next mountain it will be mount Rinjani, a favorite for mountain clmbers because of the beauty of the scenery Indonesia. Mount Rinjani is a mountain located in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara. Mountain, which is the second highest volcano in Indonesia with a height of 3726 meters above sea level, it similar in height to Mount Fuji in Japan and located at latitude 8  ° 25 S and 116  ° 28 E. Administratively, this mount is in the area the three of district, which is East Lombok, Central Lombok, and West Lombok. With the height Mount Rinjani, dominating most of the scenery of northern Lombok Island. In the western Rinjani cone there is caldera with area about 3.500m x 4.800 m, extending west towards. Inside this caldera, there is Segera Anak ( Segera = sea, lake) area of 11.000.000 sq m with the depth 230 m. The water that flow from this lake is forming a very beautiful waterfall, flow through away canyon. In Segera Anak there are a lot of goldfish and mujair, so it usually used to fishing. In the eastern of caldera there is New Mount (Mount Barujari) which have a crater with size 170 m x 200 m and rises 2296- 2376 m above sea level. This little mountain eruption since May 2nd 2009 and along May, after also previously erupted in 2004. In 2004, this eruption did not take casualties; the eruption in 2009 has been take indirect 31 casualties. To arrive in Mount Rinjani, climbers can use the direct bus Jakarta to Mataram with across the sea using feri two times. Rinjani have scenery, which is the most beautiful scenery in Indonesia. Every year (june-august) there are a lot of visitor like local residents, college student, nature lovers. Temperature average around 20 0C; the lowest 12 0C. Strong winds are common in August. Besides at the peak, the place that usual in visit is Segera Anak. To reach this location visitor can climb from Senaru village or Sembalun Lawang. Most of climbers love start entry from Sembalun, because it could save 700m altitudes. Sembalun route is quite far but flat, and the weather more heat because trough away desert savanna. Shading cream is highly recommended. From Senaru climb without stop, but the weather is soft because through the forest. From this both locations need time to walk away about 9 hours to the lip of the ridge at height 2700m above sea level. In this place, scenery to the lake, as well as scenery to the out side. From Plawangan Senaru down into the lake through the steep wall to a height of 2000m above sea level that can be gone in 2 hours. In the lake visitor could take a camp and fishing (Carper, Mujair) that a lot. Lombok residents have a tradition visit to Segera Anakan for bathing in hot water pool and fishing. To get to the peak, must take a walk climb the western wall at height 700m and ridge height 1000m taken in 2 steps, 3 hours and 4 hours. The first stage toward Plawangan Sembalun, visit the last camp to wait for the morning. Summit usual attack at 3 oclock morning to find beautiful moment the sun rises at the top of Rinjani. Travel to the peak not too easy, for climbing on the crater lip with a safety margin barely. The tracks are sand, stone, and land. The last height 200m to go with some difficulty, because of one step forward followed with a half step down (fallen rocks gravel). For highlander, this place the most challenging and desirable because of the weight field paid off with the beautiful natural scenery. To climb Rinjani no need tools required, just stamina, patience and passion. After the most beautiful mountain in Indonesia, which is mount Rinjani, the next explanation about mount Galunggung. Mount Galunggung is a stratovolcano with the height 2.167 m above sea level, the location about 17 km from the central of Tasikmalaya. The mountain, which is located in coordinate 7.25 °LS-7 °150LS; 108.058 °BT-108 °330BT, has recorded that Galunggung had erupted in 1882 (VEI = 5). Early signs known eruption in July 1822, in which water becomes turbid Cikunir and muddy. Results of the crater showed that the hot water is murky and sometimes appeared a column of smoke from the crater. Then on October 8 s.d. October 12, the eruption of reddish sand produces rain very hot, fine ash, hot clouds and lava. Lava flow moving toward the southeast following the river flows. This 4011 eruption killed 114 people and destroyed villages, with damage to the land to the east and south as far as 40 km from the top of the mountain. The next eruption occurred in 1894. In between the dates 7-9 October, eruption clouds that produce heat. Then on October 30th and 27th, the lava flows occurred on the same river flows by lava eruption produced in 1822. This time the eruption destroyed 50 villages, most houses collapsed because of falling ash. In 1918, in early July, the next eruptions occur and begin with earthquake. July 6th eruption produces ash 2-5mm thick is limited in the crater and the southern slope. And on July 9, noted the appearance of the lava dome inside the lake crater with a size of 85m-high 560x440m, which was then called mountain so. The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and killed 68 people. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta. One, a British Airways aircraft carrying 240 passengers, accidentally entered the ash cloud during night in June 1982 150 km downwind of the volcano. All four engines failed and the aircraft descended for 16 minutes, losing 7500 meters of its 11500 meters altitude, until the crew managed to restart the engines. The following month a Singapore Airlines aero plan with 230 passengers aboard also inadvertently entered the cloud at night, and three of its four engines stopped. The crew succeeded in restarting one of the engines after descending 2400 meters. Both aircraft suffered serious damage to their engines and exterior surfaces. A hummocky deposit known as the Ten Thousand Hills of Tasikmalaya attracted the attention of early 20th century geologists. Houses were built on the hummocks since they provided good defence against hostile people, and being above the paddy fields were free of mosquitoes and rats. Originally, it was thought that

U.S. Foreign Policys Effects on Modern Turkey Essay -- Politics Polit

U.S. Foreign Policy's Effects on Modern Turkey Turkey has managed to be halfway in and halfway out across most of the burning subjects of the past century. Tod Lindberg, The Washington Times (Lindberg) This statement best describes the relationship today between the United States and modern Turkey. It is a nation that plays a crucial role in U.S. foreign policy because of its strategic location and its democratic government. However, Turkey often is overlooked in the larger picture of U.S. foreign policy. Because of this, Turkey has managed to only be partially involved in major international affairs. To put it bluntly, America uses Turkey when it needs it, but other than that, Turkey is not a major priority of U.S. foreign policy. The problem with this situation is that Turkey often suffers. It can be noted that U.S. foreign policy has aided modern Turkey in several ways. However, for the most part, U.S. foreign policy has slowed the growth and development of modern Turkey. The Gulf War of 1991 left Turkey crippled, but it gained a strong relationship with the United States. Turkey played a crucial role in the first Gulf War and in post-Gulf War activities. During the 1991 Gulf War, Turkey allowed U.S. troops to operate on its soil and allowed its border to be used to wage a northern attack on Iraq (Ciarrocca). After the war was over, U.S. fighter jets used the Turkish air base, Incirlik, to patrol the UN-mandated northern "no fly" zone in Iraq (Hedges). Without Turkey's cooperation in these international affairs the campaigns would not have been as successful as they were. However, Turkey did suffer because of its cooperation with U.S. foreign policy. Because of Turkey's role in the first Gulf war, it ... ...nd Turkey. 14 December 2003.? Greimel, Hans. (2003). ?World wary of more attacks, determined not to give in.? Associated Press (21 November). Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword: ?U.S. Foreign Policy? and Turkey. 15 December 2003. Hedges, Stephen. (2003). ?Turkey thrust into vital gulf role; Nation leery of regionwide backlash?. Chicago Tribune (21 January). Found at Global Security 16 December 2003. http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/030121-turk01.htm. Lindberg, Tod. (2003). ?The odd man out; Turkey forgotten in U.S. foreign policy.? The Washington Times (17 June). Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword: ?U.S. Foreign Policy? and Turkey. 15 December 2003. Parris, Mark. (2003). ?Turkey?s Future Direction and U.S.-Turkey Relations.? Federal News Service (1 October).? Found in Lexis-Nexis, keyword: ?U.S. Foreign Policy? and Turkey. 15 December 2003.

Standard of living :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of the U.S., Japan, and China, I think Japan has the best standart of living. The first reason is their health. Life expectancy is how long the people of that country live, or the quality of their health. In Japan, females live to be 83.45, and males live to be 77.13. In the United States, females live to be 79.75, and males live to be 73.04. In China, females live to be 71.9, and males live to be 68.82. Another important factor in health is number of hospital beds. The numer of hospital beds is the access to health care for serious problemes. In first again Japan has one hospital bed for every 74 people. In the China, there is one hospital bed for every 242 people. In the United States, there is one hospital bed for every 243 people. The last thing that proves Japan has the best health is infant mortality rate. This indicates better quality of pre-natal and post-natal care. In Japan 4.05 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. In the U.S., 6.67 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. In China, very sadly, 41.14 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday. Another indicator that a counrty has a better standard of livin is a population growth indicator. Population growth determines if a country needs to do something about its population. Population growth rate is how fast a country's population. Japan has a population growht rate of .181%, which is very good. The U.S. has a population growth rate of .55%. And China has a population growth rate of .939%. Another part of population growth indicators is what percent of the population is under 15. Japan is at 14.8%, the U.S. is at 21.2%, and China is at 25.4%. Another indicator of standard of living is access to adequate diet. This is the same thing as infant mortallity rate. Japan is 41.14 out of 1000, the U.S. is at 6.67 out of 1000, and China is at 4.05 out of 1000. Another thing that proves Japan has a better standard of living is education. Years of compusory education is how many years a person is required to go to school. Japan requires 10 years. China and the U.S. require 9 years. Literacy rate is what percent of the population has access to knowledge so they can to basic reading, math, and reading.

Automotive industry Essay

In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the course â€Å"Writing in the Discipline† and in accordance with your oral instructions dated November 19, 2013, we are submitting our library research paper entitled â€Å"The Uses of Automobiles†. The main purpose of this research paper is to know automobiles and its uses, to explain the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to the society, and to suggest ways on how to conserve energy using new technologies of automobiles. We hope that this paper will meet your approval. Respectfully yours, Kenneth Llauderes and Mark Joseph Sueta BSME- 1 BSME- 1. The Uses of Automobiles A Library Research Paper Presented to Mrs. Astrid O. Haresco Faculty, Department of Languages Western Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course ENGLISH 2- Writing in the Discipline By Kenneth Llauderes- BSME 1 Mark Joseph Sueta- BSME 1 February 2014 Table of Contents Page †¢Introduction 1 ?History 2 ?Contribution to the society 4 †¢Application of automobile as Transportation 5 ?Automobile Industry 5 ?Automobile Racing 6 ?Automobiles Business 9 †¢New Technologies of Automobiles 11 ?Antipollution Strategies 11 ?Safety Features 12 ?Hybrid- Electric Vehicles 13? Computers and Navigation Devices 14 ?Eco- Friendly Automobile 16 ?Other Improvements 19 †¢Conclusion 20 †¢Recommendation 20 †¢Bibliography 21 Llauderes, K. & Sueta, M. J. â€Å"The uses of automobiles†. Western Institute of Technology. 2014 Automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. It is a propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surface. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people including a driver. The researchers travelled and gathered information from the correct and truthful data from the internet and different libraries in Iloilo. The researchers conclude that automobiles change the world and the lives of the people because it has a profound impact on the society. As a whole it played a very important role in the society and it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape our culture and economy well into the next generations. The researchers recommend that the overnment agencies especially Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of automobiles that have antipollution features and they must impose rules and regulations, and build more highways and bridges in response on the increasing number of automobiles. THESIS STATEMENT: Automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. I. What is an automobile A. Definition B. History C. Contribution to the society II. Application of automobile as Transportation A. Automobile Industry B. Automobile Racing C. Automobiles Business III. New Technologies of Automobiles A. Antipollution Strategies B. Safety Features C. Hybrid- Electric Vehicles D. Computers and Navigation Devices E. Eco- Friendly Automobile F. Other Improvements Introduction An automobile is a self- propelled vehicle used primarily on public roads but adaptable to other surfaces. They are classified by size, style, number of doors and intended use. The typical automobile also called a car, auto, motorcar, and passenger car, has four wheels and can carry up to six people including a driver. Larger vehicles designed to carry more passengers are called vans, minivans, omnibuses, or buses. In this paper, those used to carry cargo are called pickups or trucks, depending on their size and design. Minivans are van- style vehicles built on a passenger car frame that can usually carry up to eight passengers. Sport- utility vehicles, also known as SUVs are more rugged than passenger cars and are designed for driving in mud or snow. The researchers chose automobile as their topic among all the topics because it is the one that people uses in their daily lives as transportation and because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt it will continue to shape their culture and economy well into the next generations. This paper is intended to analyze and examine how technology especially automobiles change the world and the lives of the people. This paper is all about automobiles, its history, uses and countries that produce automobiles. It also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages that automobiles bring to them. It also focuses on the manufacture and servicing of automobiles. 1 This paper is gathered from the correct and truthful data from different libraries in Iloilo and by the use of the internet, the researchers also gathered some data from different resources. They use the information from the latest resources of the library. They also travelled in nearby provinces of Iloilo to collect knowledge that they apply in this paper. This paper is divided into three parts namely: what is an automobile; application of automobile as transportation and; new technologies of automobile to support the thesis statement: automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner. History The history of the automobile actually began about 4,000 years ago when the first wheel was used for transportation in India. In the early 15th century the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. By the 1600s small steam-powered engine models had been developed, but it was another century before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created. In 1769 French Army officer Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built what has been called the first automobile. Cugnot’s three-wheeled, steam-powered vehicle carried four persons. Designed to move artillery pieces, it had a top speed of a little more than 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) and had to stop every 20 minutes to build up a fresh head of steam 2 As early as 1801 successful but very heavy steam automobiles were introduced in England. Laws barred them from public roads and forced their owners to run them like trains on private tracks. In 1802 a steam-powered coach designed by British engineer Richard Trevithick journeyed more than 160 km (100 mi) from Cornwall to London. Steam power caught the attention of other vehicle builders. In 1804 American inventor Oliver Evans built a steam-powered vehicle in Chicago, Illinois. French engineer Onesiphore Pecqueur built one in 1828. British inventor Walter Handcock built a series of steam carriages in the mid-1830s that were used for the first omnibus service in London. By the mid-1800s England had an extensive network of steam coach lines. Horse-drawn stagecoach companies and the new railroad companies pressured the British Parliament to approve heavy tolls on steam-powered road vehicles. The tolls quickly drove the steam coach operators out of business. During the early 20th century steam cars were popular in the United States. Most famous was the Stanley Steamer, built by American twin brothers Freelan and Francis Stanley. A Stanley Steamer established a world land speed record in 1906 of 205. 44 km/h (121. 573 mph). Manufacturers produced about 125 models of steam-powered automobiles, including the Stanley, until 1932. 3 Contribution to the society The automobile has had a profound impact on the society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. Automobiles provide a great deal of personal freedom to their owners. The article by journalist Kevin A. Wilson provides a history of automobile design and production in the United States, and surveys recent efforts to develop lower- and zero-emissions vehicles, such as electric cars and diesel-electric hybrid cars. As suburbs, generally without public transportation, grew, cars became necessary and auto sales increased. Easy credit facilitated the purchase of cars. The number of cars on the road leaped from 40 million in 1950 to 60 million in 1960. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 created the Interstate Highway System, a 68,400-km (42,500-mi) network of limited-access highways. This system spurred further suburban growth. Technological advances transformed production. The new machine-tool industry, a trail of inventions, including the telephone, typewriter, linotype, phonograph, electric light, cash register, air brake, refrigerator car, and automobile, led to new industries. Business leaders learned how to operate and coordinate many different economic activities across broad geographic areas. Businesses were thus able to become larger, and the modern corporation became an important form of business organization. 4 Application of Automobile as Transportation Automobile industry Automobile Industry is an industry that produces automobiles and other gasoline-powered vehicles, such as buses, trucks, and motorcycles. The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only the economy but also the cultures of the world. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production (making several products at once, rather than one at a time), mass marketing (selling products nationally rather than locally), and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made worldwide). From 1886 to 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the world’s largest manufacturing activity, with nearly 58 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. 5 As a result of easier and faster transportation, the United States and world economies have become dependent on the mobility that automobiles, trucks, and buses provide. This mobility allowed remote populations to interact with one another, which increased commerce. The transportation of goods to consumers and consumers to goods has become an industry in itself. The automobile has also brought related problems, such as air pollution, the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, congested traffic, and highway fatalities. Nevertheless, the automobile industry continues to be an important source of employment and transportation for millions of people worldwide. Automobile Racing Automobile Racing is a sport in which drivers race specially designed automobiles over tracks or courses of differing lengths, designs, and constructions. The competition tests the skills of the drivers, the speed capabilities of the vehicles, and the endurance of both. Originally consisting of occasional challenges among wealthy individuals in the United States and continental Europe, automobile racing has evolved into an international year-round professional sport that is one of the most popular spectator attractions in the world. There are three basic types of race courses in automobile racing: (1) the oval track, (2) the road course, and (3) the straight-line course. Oval tracks, which can be dirt, asphalt, or concrete, range in length from 0. 16 to 2. 5 mi 6 (0. 27 to 4 km). Some oval tracks, longer than 1 mi (1. 6 km) and highly banked (angled toward the ground), are called superspeedways. Road courses have either of two forms: courses that are created by temporarily closing city streets, and courses specially designed to duplicate the twists and turns of country roads but used only for racing. Road courses of both types are generally 1. 5 to 4 mi (2. 4 to 6. 4 km) long in the United States, sometimes longer in other countries. Straight-line courses consist of a simple strip of asphalt or concrete used for drag races between two vehicles. Straight-line courses are generally 0. 25 mi (0. 4 km) long, but they can be 0. 125 mi (0. 2 km) long as well. There are five basic components of an automobile racing team: (1) the ownership, (2) the team manager, (3) the driver, (4) the support crew, and (5) the sponsors. The ownership of the car is in charge of the team but usually employs a manager to run operations on a day-to-day basis. The driver is always an independent contractor. Drivers usually compete in a variety of different cars for different owners throughout their careers. The support crew maintains the car before, during, and after races. The driver and support crew work together during races to handle needed repairs, tire changes, and fuel refills (done during brief service breaks known as pit stops). Finally, sponsors, usually corporations, provide money to the racing team in exchange for promotional ties. The most obvious examples of this relationship are company and product logos, which are commonly seen on the outside of vehicles during races. 7 Although there are many categories of automobile racing—and many types and levels of competition within each category—the major forms of the sport differ in the United States and abroad. In most parts of the world, the premier race series are those for Formula One (F1) vehicles and for sports cars. These competitions receive less attention in the United States, where the most important race series are those for Indianapolis (Indy) cars and for stock cars. Some drivers and teams move between American and overseas forms of racing, but this are uncommon. The coordinating committee for automobile racing in the United States is the Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS), which serves as the U. S. representative on the Federation International de l’Automobile (FIA; International Automobile. Federation), the worldwide governing body of the sport. ACCUS coordinates activities between FIA and six major sanctioning bodies for automobile racing in the United States—addressing rules, regulations, automotive specifications, safety, and related matters. The eight organizational members of ACCUS are Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), Indy Racing League (IRL), Grand American Road Racing Association (GRAND-AM), Professional Sports Car Racing (PSC), the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), and the United States Auto Club (USAC). 8 Automobile Business Automobiles have changed and developed in response to consumer wishes, economic conditions, and advancing technology. The first gas-powered vehicles looked like horse buggies with engines mounted underneath because this was the style to which people were accustomed. By 1910, however, features like the front-mounted engine were already established, giving the automobile a look that was all its own. As public demand for cars increased, the vehicles became more stylized. The classic cars of the 1920s and 1930s epitomize the sleek, individually designed luxury cars called the â€Å"classic cars. † During the 1940s and 1950s, automobiles generally became larger until the advent of the â€Å"compact† car, which immediately became a popular alternative. The gasoline crisis is reflected in the fuel-efficient cars made in the 1970s and 1980s. Current designs continue to reflect economy awareness, although many different markets exist. In a turnaround economy like India, small can mean handsome returns. As auto makers Suzuki and Hyundai, focused on the sub-compact segment. It is thanks to buoyant small-car sales by their subsidiaries here that both Hyundai and Suzuki have posted record earnings growth, in the midst of a severe global downturn. It suggests a growth-driver role for the domestic automobile industry, and not merely in terms of volumes and sales. 9 The auto companies and ancillary makers are confident of posting 10 percent rise in business, provided barriers to free movement of goods are removed. Over 80 percent of the players in the automobile industry, having units in north India, said business activities could grow by 10 per cent while 20 per cent of the respondents said business was likely to go beyond 10 percent, a survey conducted by the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry said. Reeling under subdued demand for long, the domestic steel industry now hopes that the proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the Interim Budget 2014-15 would spur demand for flat products. â€Å"The proposal to reduce excise duty on automobiles in the current economic environment is a welcome step, however it would have been more meaningful and impactful if the excise duty on steel would have been reduced,† Essar Steel. Leaving direct taxes untouched except for continuing the income tax surcharge on ‘super-rich’ individuals and corporate, the Interim Budget today slashed excise duty on cars and two-wheelers, and capital goods and consumer durables to boost manufacturing and growth. 10 New Technologies of Automobiles Antipollution Strategies Pollution-control laws adopted at the beginning of the 1990s in some of the United States and in Europe called for automobiles that produced better gas mileage with lower emissions. The California Air Resources Board required companies with the largest market shares to begin selling vehicles that were pollution free—in other words, electric. In 1996 General Motors became the first to begin selling an all-electric car, the EV1, to California buyers. The all-electric cars introduced so far have been limited by low range, long recharges, and weak consumer interest. Engines that run on hydrogen have been tested. Hydrogen combustion produces only a trace of harmful emissions, no carbon dioxide, and a water-vapor by-product. However, technical problems related to the gas’s density and flammability remains to be solved. Diesel engines burn fuel more efficiently, and produce fewer pollutants, but they are noisy. Popular in trucks and heavy vehicles, diesel engines are only a small portion of the automobile market. A redesigned, quieter diesel engine introduced by Volkswagen in 1996 may pave the way for more diesels, and less pollution, in passenger cars. 11 Safety Features. Manufacturers continue to build lighter vehicles with improved structural rigidity and ability to protect the driver and passengers during collisions. Bumpers evolved as rails or bars to protect the front and rear of the car’s body from damage in minor collisions. Over the years, bumpers became stylish and, in some cases, not strong enough to survive minor collisions without expensive repairs. Eventually, government regulations required bumpers designed to withstand low-speed collisions with less damage. Some bumpers can withstand 4-km/h (2. 5-mph) collisions with no damage, while others can withstand 8-km/h (5-mph) collisions with no damage. Modern vehicles feature crumple zones, portions of the automobile designed to absorb forces that otherwise would be transmitted to the passenger compartment. Passenger compartments on many vehicles also have reinforced roll bar structures in the roof, in case the vehicle overturns, and protective beams in the doors to help protect passengers from side impacts. Seat belt and upper-body restraints that relax to permit comfort but tighten automatically during an impact are now common. Some car models are equipped with shoulder-restraint belts that slide into position automatically when the car’s doors close. 12. An air bag is a high-speed inflation device hidden in the hub of the steering wheel or in the dash on the passenger’s side. Some automobiles have side-impact air bags, located in doors or seats. At impact, the bag inflates almost instantaneously. The inflated bag creates a cushion between the occupant and the vehicle’s interior. Air bags first appeared in the mid-1970s, available as an optional accessory. Today they are installed on all new passenger cars sold in the United States. Air bags inflate with great force, which occasionally endangers a child or infant passenger. Some newer automobile models are equipped with switches to disable the passenger-side air bags when a child or infant is traveling in the passenger seat. Automakers continue to research ways to make air-bag systems less dangerous for frail and small passengers, yet effective in collisions. Hybrid- Electric Vehicles While some developers searched for additional alternatives, others investigated ways to combine electricity with liquid fuels to produce low-emissions power systems. The hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) uses both an electric motor or motors and a gasoline or diesel engine that charges the batteries in order to extend the distance that the vehicle can travel without having to recharge the batteries. An HEV at a stoplight typically sits silent, burning no fuel and making no pollution, if the batteries are sufficiently charged. If driven slowly, as in heavy traffic, the vehicle might move only on electric power. 13 Only when more power is demanded for acceleration or to move a heavy load, does the gasoline or diesel engine come into play. Two automobiles with such hybrid engines, the Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight, became available in the late 1990s. The Prius hit automobile showrooms in Japan in 1997, selling 30,000 models in its first two years of production. The Prius became available for sale in North America in 2000. The Honda Insight debuted in North America in late 1999. Both vehicles promised to double the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline-powered cars while significantly reducing toxic emissions. The Ford Motor Company introduced the first U. S. -made hybrid when it began production for the Ford Escape Hybrid in August 2004. The 2005 model year Escape was also the first hybrid in the sport-utility vehicle (SUV) category. Electric Car. Computers and Navigation Devices Computer control of automobile systems increased dramatically during the 1990s. The central processing unit (CPU) in modern engines manages overall engine performance. Microprocessors regulating other systems share data with the CPU. Computers manage fuel and air mixture ratios, ignition timing, and exhaust-emission levels. They adjust the antilock braking and traction control systems. In many models, computers also control the air conditioning and heating, the sound system, and the information displayed in the vehicle’s dashboard. 14 Expanded use of computer technology, development of stronger and lighter materials, and research on pollution control will produce better, â€Å"smarter† automobiles. In the 1980s the notion that a car would â€Å"talk† to its driver was science fiction; by the 1990s it had become reality. Onboard navigation was one of the new automotive technologies in the 1990s. By using the satellite-aided global positioning system (GPS), a computer in the automobile can pinpoint the vehicle’s location within a few meters. The onboard navigation system uses an electronic compass, digitized maps, and a display screen showing where the vehicle is relative to the destination the driver wants to reach. After being told the destination, the computer locates it and directs the driver to it, offering alternative routes if needed. Some cars now come equipped with GPS locator beacons, enabling a GPS system operator to locate the vehicle, map its location, and if necessary, direct repair or emergency workers to the scene. Cars equipped with computers and cellular telephones can link to the Internet to obtain constantly updated traffic reports, weather information, route directions, and other data. Future built-in computer systems may be used to automatically obtain business information over the Internet and manage personal affairs while the vehicle’s owner is driving. 15. Eco- Friendly Automobile Eight decades after the American auto industry turned away from the electric car in favor of gas-powered vehicles, the giant General Motors Corporation (GM) made a heralded return to the market with the first mass-produced version in the modern era, the EV1. The completely battery-powered $34,000 car, in development by GM since the late 1980s, was delivered amid fanfare to select dealerships in Arizona and southern California on December 5, 1996. Boasting a 137-horsepower engine that can silently accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in less than nine seconds, the EV1. (Electric Vehicle 1) is hailed by some observers as an automotive breakthrough. With few moving. parts there is little regular maintenance required and no tailpipe emissions at all. Engineered to be ultralight and extremely aerodynamic to conserve energy, the EV1 is the first electric car to be made entirely from scratch as a battery-powered vehicle since the early years of the century, when as many as one-third of automobiles were electric. Most current electric cars are converted gas-powered vehicles, such as an electricity-powered Ford Ranger introduced in the summer of 1996. The EV1 was first shown to the public as a prototype model called Impact at the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show. Consumer trials followed, as GM worked to overcome the challenges posed by an electric car: the limited travel range before needing a recharge, size and weight restrictions, power-draining auxiliaries 16 (such as heating systems), and the lack of an infrastructure of charging stations—the â€Å"gas stations† of the 21st century, according to electric vehicle backers. But there are also critics of the EV1, who point to the automobile’s relatively high cost and its limited range of 113 to 145 km (70 to 90 m) before its lead-acid batteries must be recharged. The special device that can recharge the EV1 in about three hours costs an extra $2000. (Fully charging from a regular household outlet takes about 15 hours. ) Many of the doubters believe that battery technology is still too limited and that the EV1 risks ultimately hurting the cause of alternative-fuel vehicles. The more advanced nickel-metal hydride battery, which can hold a greater charge than a lead-acid battery, is just now becoming commercially available. Others argue that hybrid cars—combining electric power with internal-combustion technology— hold the best promise for the future of the automobile. Other criticisms of the EV1 include the fact that the sporty vehicle is small, holding just two people. Because electric cars generally do not perform well in cold weather, the EV1 is available only in a few warm-climate cities to start out—Los Angeles and San Diego in California, and Phoenix and Tucson in Arizona. GM plans to make and lease—rather than sell—only a few thousand cars in the initial rollout. Critics of electric cars achieved a victory in March 1996, when California’s Air Resources Board (ARB) pulled back its controversial regulations that would have forced major auto companies to make zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) account for at least 2 percent of their sales in the state starting in 1998. While the 17 ARB backed down on the first restriction, after being heavily lobbied by auto company representatives who argued that the technology was not adequately advanced, it retained the ambitious requirement that 10 percent of all new car fleets be ZEVs by 2003. The air quality of California’s urban areas is among the worst in the United States, and other pollution-plagued regions around the country are beginning to pass similar electric-car measures to address the problem. Beyond the threat of air quality regulations, General Motors is eyeing the electric vehicle as an important new product. They believe that consumers concerned about air pollution levels and rising gasoline prices will be interested in purchasing electric cars. The world’s largest automobile manufacturer, GM was able to devote the resources necessary for such a costly, large-scale project—an estimated $350 million in development costs. The company has made the EV1 such a priority that it created a special division for the vehicle and bestowed the corporate name of General Motors on a car for the first time in history (although it is being marketed and distributed by GM’s Saturn division). The EV1 is only the first of a variety of low- and zero-emission vehicles that are expected from auto manufacturers in the next several years. The Honda EV, powered by nickel-metal hydride batteries, is expected in 1997, and electric cars from automakers such as Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler are planned for release no later than 1998. GM also hopes to expand its line of electric cars in the near future, including an electric Chevrolet pickup truck targeted at commercial vehicle fleets in 1997. 18 Other Improvements During the 1980s and 1990s, manufacturers trimmed 450 kg. (1,000 lb) from the weight of the typical car by making cars smaller. Less weight, coupled with more efficient engines, doubled the gas mileage obtained by the average new car between 1974 and 1995. Further reductions in vehicle size are not practical, so the emphasis has shifted to using lighter materials, such as plastics, aluminum alloys, and carbon composites, in the engine and the rest of the vehicle. Looking ahead, engineers are devising ways to reduce driver errors and poor driving habits. Systems already exist in some locales to prevent intoxicated drivers from starting their vehicles. The technology may be expanded to new vehicles. Anticollision systems with sensors and warning signals are being developed. In some, the car’s brakes automatically slow the vehicle if it is following another vehicle too closely. New infrared sensors or radar systems may warn drivers when another vehicle is in their â€Å"blind spot. † Catalytic converters work only when they are warm, so most of the pollution they emit occurs in the first few minutes of operation. Engineers are working on ways to keep the converters warm for longer periods between drives, or heat the converters more rapidly. 19 Conclusion. Based on the data presented in this paper, the researchers conclude that automobiles transport people in a more comfortable and more efficient manner because it is used in the daily lives of the people as transportation and it is also good for business. The researchers further conclude that the automobile has had a profound impact on the society. It has brought superhighways, paved bridges, motels, vacations, suburbia and economic growth which accompanied them. As a whole, the creation of automobile has played a very important role in the society and in the daily lives of the people because it is one of the key elements of industrial economies and no doubt, it will continue to shape the culture and economy well into the next generations. Recommendation Based on the conclusion, the researchers recommend the following: (1) That government agencies especially Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) support the production of hybrid- electric vehicles, and eco- friendly automobiles because these have antipollution features. (2) That the government should conduct further research about automobiles because the researchers only comply the library research paper having limited information. (3) That the government agencies should impose rules and regulations on the increasing number of automobiles; and or they should build more highways and bridges in response to this problem. Bibliography Bellis, Mary. (N. D. ). â€Å"Automobile history†. Retrieved on December 20, 2013 at www. about. com. Coffey, Frank. 2003. America on wheels: the first 100 years. United States of America: General Publishing. Crouse, William Harry. Automotive mechanics. United States of America: McGraw- Hill Inc. Grant, Alex. January, 2013. â€Å"Entrepreneur Philippines†. Covering all bases. Page 27. Inolino, Leth. July, 2013. â€Å"Entrepreneur Philippines†. Pushing.